王蕾 等 | 中国西部农村地区0-3岁儿童的认知发展轨迹：患病率，危险因素及其与学龄前认知的联系

*中文标题和摘要系简单翻译，可能存在部分错误，请以英文为准

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Lei Wang, Yifei Chen, Sean Sylvia, Sarah-Eve Dill, and Scott Rozelle (2021). Trajectories of child cognitive development during ages 0–3 in rural Western China: prevalence, risk factors and links to preschool-age cognition. BMC pediatrics, 21(1), 1-12.

全文链接（点击“阅读原文”跳转）：

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02650-y

摘要：

背景 – 三岁以后的认知发展趋于稳定，因此可以预测儿童后期的认知能力。但是，有证据表明，三岁之前认知发展就不太稳定。在中国农村，研究发现很大一部分3岁以下的儿童发育迟缓，但对0至3岁之间的认知发展轨迹或预测未来的认知技能知之甚少。本研究旨在描述0至3岁儿童之间的认知发展轨迹，并研究不同的轨迹如何预测学龄前儿童的认知发展。

方法 – 我们从中国西部农村的1245名儿童中收集了三轮追踪面板数据。儿童的认知发育是通过6-12个月和22-30个月的贝利婴儿发育量表来衡量的；而当儿童是49-65个月时，则是通过韦氏儿童学前和初等智力量表第四版来衡量的。我们使用三岁之前的两种认知发展测度来确定儿童认知发展的轨迹。

结果 – 在儿童中，有39％的人从不存在认知迟缓的现象，13％的人持续迟缓，7％的人认知能力得到了改善，41％的人在3岁之前经历了退化发育。与从未经历认知延迟的孩子相比，持续性认知迟缓的孩子和3岁之前退化发育的孩子在学龄前的认知得分明显较低。3岁之前发育改善的儿童在学龄前的认知水平与从未经历认知延迟的儿童相似。

总结 – 中国西部农村地区大量的3岁以下儿童显示出从婴儿期到幼儿期的认知能力下降，这预示着学龄前儿童的认知水平较低。政策制定者应投资于改善3岁之前的认知发展，以防止中国农村儿童长期的不良认知。

Abstract:

Background – Cognitive development after age three tends to be stable and can therefore predict cognitive skills in later childhood. However, there is evidence that cognitive development is less stable before age three. In rural China, research has found large shares of children under age three are developmentally delayed, yet little is known about the trajectories of cognitive development between 0 and 3 years of age or how developmental trajectories predict later cognitive skills. This study seeks to describe the trajectories of child cognitive development between the ages of 0–3 years and examine how different trajectories predict cognitive development at preschool age.

Methods – We collected three waves of longitudinal panel data from 1245 children in rural Western China. Child cognitive development was measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development when the child was 6–12 months and 22–30 months, and by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition when the child was 49–65 months. We used the two measures of cognitive development before age three to determine the trajectories of child cognitive development.

Results – Of the children, 39% were never cognitively delayed; 13% were persistently delayed; 7% experienced improving cognitive development; and 41% experienced deteriorating development before age 3. Compared to children who had never experienced cognitive delay, children with persistent cognitive delay and those with deteriorating development before age 3 had significantly lower cognitive scores at preschool age. Children with improving development before age 3 showed similar levels of cognition at preschool age as children who had never experienced cognitive delay.

Conclusions – Large shares of children under age 3 in rural Western China show deteriorating cognitive development from infancy to toddlerhood, which predict lower levels of cognition at preschool age. Policymakers should invest in improving cognitive development before age 3 to prevent long-term poor cognition among China’s rural children.

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